The Evolution Of Formula 1 Helmets

Formula 1 helmets are the most distinctive part of a driver’s clothing as they help the fans identify the driver. Helmets are also the most critical piece of protective apparel for a racing driver. Helmets protect the racer’s face from flying debris, objects that are thrown up by the car’s tyres, or in case of an accident.

Felipe Massa has his helmet to thank for his life when a loose spring hit him on the helmet in Hungary in 2009. Massa was travelling at more than 250 km/h. Had the accident happened a decade or so earlier, Massa would have been killed. Helmets are therefore more of an essential protective gear than a colourful identification of the driver.

In the early days of racing, drivers tied cloth or canvas over their faces to keep the insects out of their hair. They also helped to protect their faces from the pebbles spat out by the tyres of preceding cars as well as the grease from their faces. In the 1920s and 1930s, some drivers took to racing with football and firefighters’ helmets.

That was followed by cork helmets which were made compulsory in 1952 by the FIA. Cork helmets were made of cloth-covered cork in the shape of a man’s head. These were then soaked in glue and dried for strengthening. It didn’t take long before metal helmets were designed and used by racers. Steel crash helmets were developed by the end of the 50s and made mandatory by the FIA for all racing.

Formula 1 Helmets – Glass Fibre Helmets

The advent of glass fibre technology meant that helmets had considerably more strength than steel helmets. The helmets though were of an open-faced design forcing the drivers to wear a cloth towel and goggles to protect their eyes and faces. Dan Gurney introduced the full-face helmet in the 1958 German Grand Prix.

A glass fibre helmet was more aerodynamic and provided more facial protection to the driver. The aerodynamic nature of the helmet also meant that the driver’s head was buffeted less by the wind resistance at great speeds or when decelerating. A visor was integrated on to the helmet and did away with the goggles that drivers had to wear.

There was a need, however, to protect drivers from fire and allow them to communicate with their teams when wearing a helmet. The Grand Prix Drivers’ Association was formed in 1961. They along with the FIA started looking at ways to make the sport safer for drivers, race officials as well as spectators.

Fireproof innings were introduced as the innermost layer of the helmet. An air supply system was built into the helmet to trigger when the car’s fire extinguisher was activated. Tubes connected to the driver’s drink bottle were also introduced into the helmet. Radio systems were incorporated in the helmet which allowed drivers to communicate with their teams.

Formula 1 Helmets – Carbon Fibre Helmets

The introduction of carbon fibre in 2001 made obsolete the use of glass fibre in racing helmets. Carbon fibre was far tougher than glass fibre and allowed helmet constructors to make tailor-made helmets for each racer. Although carbon fibre helmets are heavier than glass fibre ones, they are way better at distributing the load when there is a crash.

There are seventeen layers in a carbon fibre helmet. Inside the tough shell of carbon fibre, there is a layer of high-density foam. This foam helps absorb the energy in the event of an impact by deforming and distributes the load evenly. The innermost layer is made for a tailor-made helmet made after laser scanning the drivers head. The layer consists of soft foam and gives the wearer a close fit making him comfortable.

Formula 1 Helmet Testing and Standard 8860

The FIA has made it mandatory that all helmets used in racing have to undergo stringent safety tests. The helmets are tested for impact loading by dropping 5kg of steel anvils from a height of 3.3 meters on the chin bars. A steel spike weighing 3kg is dropped on the top of the helmet. Although the helmet may be dented, neither the steel casing nor the inside foam layer should be breached or compromised.

Visors of helmets are usually made of 3mm thick polycarbonate. They are tested by having a lead pellet shot at them at speeds of up to 500km/h. Chin straps are used to secure the helmet firmly on the drivers head, These are tested by loading them with 38kg of weight to ensure that they do not come loose in case of a high-velocity crash. The straps may be stretched to a maximum of 30mm when testing.

Helmets are tested by applying 700 degrees centigrade of heat on the outside. On the inside of the helmet, the temperature should not exceed 70 degrees centigrade. The helmets are tested at the Snell Memorial Foundation. The testing body was founded after American racer William Snell died in a crash and his helmet was not tough enough to protect him.

FIA’s stringent Standard 8860 came into force after the Brazilian racer died from head injuries in a crash in 1994. The 2004 standards also stipulate the use of straps to prevent the drivers head from snapping forward in the event of a crash. There is also a consideration for the drivers hearing. The standard stipulates that the sound level inside the helmet should be less than 100 decibels. Take a look at these car racing helmets on CarBibles to find the perfect one for your next racing.

The FIA’s Standard 8860-2018

After decades of research, the FIA came up with a new standard, Standard 8860-2018 for racing helmets. The helmets that meet this testing criteria are ultra-protective and have been mandated since 2019 in all forms of racing. These helmets offer better protection including advanced ballistic protection and better energy absorption. This keeps drivers safer than in helmets conforming to the older standard.

The standards set by the FIA follow after more than a decade of research in their effort to make motor car racing as safe as possible. During their research, the FIA has worked closely with the Grand Prix Driver’s association the Formula One teams and the manufacturer of helmets.

Comparative Analysis of Safety Standards in Motorsport Helmets

Safety standards for helmets in motorsport are critical in ensuring the protection of drivers in the event of accidents. Different organizations set these standards, each with its own criteria and testing methods. In this section, we will compare the safety standards set by the FIA for Formula 1 helmets with those of other motorsport organizations, such as Snell and DOT, to highlight the rigorous requirements in Formula 1.

FIA Standard 8860

The FIA (Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile) sets one of the most stringent safety standards for helmets used in Formula 1. The FIA 8860 standard, introduced in 2004 and updated regularly, requires helmets to undergo rigorous testing to ensure they provide maximum protection. These tests include:

• Impact Testing: Helmets are subjected to high-impact forces to simulate collisions. The FIA requires the helmet to withstand a 5 kg steel anvil dropped from a height of 3.3 meters without compromising the integrity of the helmet.
• Penetration Resistance: A 3 kg steel spike is dropped onto the helmet to test its ability to prevent penetration, ensuring that no object can pierce through and injure the driver.
• Heat Resistance: Helmets are exposed to 700 degrees centigrade to test their fire resistance. The temperature inside the helmet must not exceed 70 degrees centigrade.
• Visor Testing: Visors must withstand high-speed impacts, such as a lead pellet shot at speeds up to 500 km/h, to ensure they can protect the driver’s eyes from debris.

The FIA 8860 standard also includes criteria for helmet fit, chin strap strength, and even acoustic properties, ensuring that the helmet provides not just protection but also comfort and functionality.

Snell Memorial Foundation Standards

The Snell Memorial Foundation, an American non-profit organization, sets another widely recognized helmet safety standard. Snell standards are used in many forms of motorsport, including karting, motocross, and some car racing disciplines. The Snell M2020D and SA2020 standards are particularly relevant for motorsport helmets.

• Impact Testing: Similar to the FIA, Snell tests helmets for impact resistance, but with different methodologies. Snell uses multiple impact tests at various locations on the helmet to ensure consistent protection.
• Penetration Testing: Snell helmets are also subjected to penetration tests using a steel spike, but the criteria for passing may vary slightly from FIA standards.
• Fire Resistance: While Snell standards do test for fire resistance, the focus is generally on different temperature thresholds and durations compared to the FIA.

Snell standards are rigorous but are designed to cater to a broader range of motorsport disciplines, where the specific demands might differ from those in Formula 1.

DOT (Department of Transportation) Standards

The DOT standard, used primarily in the United States, applies to helmets for motorcycles and some motorsport activities. While the DOT standard ensures basic protection, it is generally considered less stringent than FIA or Snell standards.

• Impact Testing: DOT tests are less rigorous in terms of impact energy levels and the variety of impact points compared to FIA and Snell standards.
• Penetration Resistance: DOT does include penetration tests, but the standards may allow for more leniency in the helmet’s performance.
• Fire Resistance: DOT standards do not require as extensive fire resistance testing as those of the FIA.

The DOT standard is designed for general consumer use, with a focus on affordability and practicality, making it less specialized than the FIA’s or Snell’s standards.

Key Differences

The key difference between the FIA standard and other standards like Snell and DOT is the level of rigor and specialization. The FIA’s standard is tailored specifically for the extreme conditions of Formula 1, where the demands on helmets are the highest due to the speeds and potential forces involved. Snell standards, while also rigorous, are broader in application, covering various types of motorsport. DOT standards, on the other hand, are the most accessible but offer the least specialization for high-performance motorsport.

Helmet Design and Aerodynamics in Formula 1

In Formula 1, where every detail can impact performance, the design of a driver’s helmet plays a crucial role in aerodynamics. At speeds exceeding 300 km/h, even the smallest changes in airflow around the driver’s head can affect both speed and stability.

Helmet Shape and Surface Design

Modern Formula 1 helmets are designed with smooth, rounded surfaces to allow air to flow over them as seamlessly as possible. The shape of the helmet is engineered to direct airflow over the driver’s head and down the back, reducing the turbulence that could otherwise slow the car or create instability. This streamlined design also helps in reducing the wind buffeting that drivers experience at high speeds, which can cause fatigue or affect concentration.

Visor and Air Vent Placement

The visor and air vents are also designed with aerodynamics in mind. The visor must sit flush with the helmet’s surface to avoid creating additional drag. Air vents are strategically placed and shaped to not only provide necessary ventilation but also to ensure that they do not disrupt the helmet’s overall aerodynamic profile.

Integration with Car Design

Helmets are often tested in wind tunnels along with the car’s chassis to ensure they work in harmony with the vehicle’s overall aerodynamic package. Engineers look for ways to align the helmet’s airflow with the car’s bodywork, ensuring that the air moves smoothly over and around the driver.

Impact on Driver Comfort and Performance

Beyond reducing drag, aerodynamic helmet design also impacts driver comfort. By minimizing wind resistance and turbulence, the helmet helps to reduce the strain on the driver’s neck and shoulders, especially during high-speed corners. This can lead to better focus and endurance over the course of a race, where physical and mental fatigue can make the difference between winning and losing.

Case Studies of Helmet Effectiveness in Formula 1

Helmets are the most critical piece of safety equipment for drivers in Formula 1, often making the difference between life and death in high-speed crashes. Over the years, there have been several incidents where the effectiveness of helmets has been vividly demonstrated, highlighting their role in protecting drivers from severe injury or worse. This section examines a few notable case studies where helmets have played a crucial role in saving lives in Formula 1.

Felipe Massa – Hungarian Grand Prix 2009

One of the most famous examples of helmet effectiveness occurred during the Hungarian Grand Prix in 2009. Felipe Massa, driving for Ferrari, was struck on the helmet by a loose suspension spring from another car while traveling at over 250 km/h. The spring, weighing approximately 800 grams, hit Massa’s helmet with enormous force, causing a skull fracture and forcing him to lose consciousness.

Massa’s helmet absorbed a significant portion of the impact energy, preventing what could have been a fatal injury. The helmet’s design, including its outer carbon fiber shell and inner protective layers, was crucial in dissipating the energy and protecting his brain. Despite the severity of the impact, Massa survived and eventually returned to racing, underscoring the life-saving capability of modern Formula 1 helmets.

Romain Grosjean – Bahrain Grand Prix 2020

Romain Grosjean’s crash at the Bahrain Grand Prix in 2020 is a recent and powerful example of helmet effectiveness. Grosjean’s car crashed into a barrier at high speed, splitting in half and bursting into flames. Despite the extreme nature of the crash, Grosjean was able to escape with relatively minor injuries.

The helmet played a crucial role in protecting Grosjean from both the initial impact and the intense heat of the fire. The helmet’s visor and fire-resistant materials prevented serious facial burns, while its structure protected his head during the crash. This incident also highlighted the effectiveness of the combined safety systems in Formula 1, including the helmet, Halo device, and fire-resistant clothing.

Fernando Alonso – Australian Grand Prix 2016

During the 2016 Australian Grand Prix, Fernando Alonso was involved in a terrifying crash where his car was flipped and destroyed after contact with another vehicle. Alonso walked away from the crash without significant injuries, thanks in part to his helmet.

The helmet protected Alonso’s head as the car rolled and absorbed the forces from multiple impacts with the ground and barriers. This incident demonstrated the helmet’s role in ensuring driver safety even in violent crashes, showcasing its effectiveness in conjunction with other safety devices like the HANS (Head and Neck Support) device.

What helmets do Formula 1 drivers use?

The helmets used in Formula 1 are custom-made for each driver, incorporating cutting-edge materials and technology. Here’s an overview of the key helmet brands and technologies used by Formula 1 drivers:

Key Helmet Brands

1. Bell Helmets
   • Bell is one of the most prominent helmet manufacturers in Formula 1. Known for their high-quality construction and innovation, Bell helmets are used by several drivers on the grid. These helmets are designed with advanced carbon fiber shells, multiple layers of impact-absorbing foam, and integrated communication systems. Bell helmets are favored for their lightweight design and excellent safety standards.
2. Arai Helmets
   • Arai is another leading helmet brand in Formula 1, with a reputation for comfort and safety. Arai helmets are hand-made in Japan and are known for their precise fit and high durability. These helmets feature complex composite shells, offering a balance of strength and flexibility, which helps in absorbing and dissipating impact forces.
3. Schuberth Helmets
   • Schuberth, a German brand, is also well-represented in Formula 1. Schuberth helmets are known for their aerodynamic design, which is crucial in high-speed racing. They feature advanced ventilation systems, anti-fog visors, and robust safety features. Schuberth helmets are also renowned for their attention to noise reduction, providing drivers with a quieter cockpit environment.
4. Stilo Helmets
   • Stilo, an Italian brand, is known for its lightweight and highly customizable helmets. Stilo helmets are often used in various motorsport categories, including Formula 1, and are praised for their excellent communication systems and superior fire resistance.

Customisation and Technology

• Tailor-Made Fit: Each helmet is custom-made to fit the driver’s head precisely. This process involves 3D scanning of the driver’s head to create a perfect fit, ensuring maximum comfort and safety.
• Materials: Modern Formula 1 helmets are primarily made from carbon fiber, known for its high strength-to-weight ratio. Inside the helmet, layers of high-density foam absorb impacts and protect the driver’s head.
• Visor Technology: The visors on these helmets are made from polycarbonate and are treated with anti-fog and anti-scratch coatings. They also include tear-off strips that drivers can remove during the race to maintain clear vision.
• Communication Systems: Integrated radio systems are standard in Formula 1 helmets, allowing drivers to stay in constant communication with their teams during races.
• Ventilation: Advanced ventilation systems are integrated into the helmet design to keep drivers cool and prevent fogging inside the visor.

Can you buy F1 driver helmets?

Yes, you can buy Formula 1 driver helmets, but with some important distinctions.

Types of F1 Driver Helmets Available for Purchase

1. Replica Helmets:
   • These are exact replicas of the helmets used by F1 drivers, designed for fans and collectors. They are usually made by the same manufacturers and feature the same designs and sponsor logos as the real helmets. However, replica helmets are typically not made with the same materials or to the same safety standards as the helmets used in actual races. They are primarily for display and not intended for use in motorsport.
2. Authentic Race-Worn Helmets:
   • Some race-worn helmets, which have actually been used by F1 drivers in races or testing sessions, are occasionally available for purchase. These helmets are often sold at auctions, through specialized memorabilia dealers, or sometimes directly by the teams. Authentic race-worn helmets can be very expensive, often costing tens of thousands of dollars, especially if they were used in significant races or by popular drivers.
3. Custom F1-Style Helmets:
   • Some companies offer custom helmets designed in the style of F1 driver helmets. These can be tailored to look like the helmets of specific drivers but are built to be worn in other forms of motorsport or even on the road, complying with local safety standards like Snell or DOT rather than the specific FIA standards for Formula 1.

Where to Buy

• Official Team Stores: Some F1 teams sell replica helmets or helmet-themed merchandise through their official online stores.
• Specialized Memorabilia Dealers: Websites specialising in motorsport memorabilia often have replica or even authentic race-worn helmets available for purchase.
• Auctions: High-profile auction houses like Sotheby’s or Bonhams occasionally auction off authentic F1 helmets, especially those with historical significance.
• Motorsport Equipment Retailers: Some retailers offer custom F1-style helmets or high-quality replicas for fans who want a more personalized product.

Considerations

• Cost: Replica helmets can range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on their quality and authenticity. Authentic race-worn helmets can cost significantly more, depending on the driver and the helmet’s history.
• Purpose: If you’re buying a helmet for display, a replica will suffice. However, if you intend to use it for racing or track days, ensure it meets the necessary safety standards for your intended use.

In summary, while you can buy F1 driver helmets, the options vary between display replicas, custom designs, and, in rare cases, authentic race-worn helmets, each with different costs and intended uses.